Finals #1

 At the end of world war one, many blamed German aggression as to the start of the war. Serbia was to blame for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. What was Austria-Hungary to do but have something against Serbia now. The peace treaty was trying to keep the conflict between these two countries from spreading; they knew that if it spread, since it would involve alliances, it would result in a world war. Russia started mobilizing its army toward Germany. This made Germany feel threaten. On august 1, 1914. It declared war on Russia. France was an ally of Serbia and Russia, it was already prepared for war, on the first of the month, after Germany declared war on Russia, it started mobilizing its army as well. They knew they were next. Sure enough, Germany declared war on France on august 3, 1914.

Germany seems to be the one with all the trouble right? No, on the contrary Germany shouldn’t be blamed as the cause of the war. Germany felt threaten, it was also trying to back up its ally Austria- Hungary. Russia agreed to “stay out of it” but instead “without waiting for any result, proceeded to a general mobilization of her forces both on land and sea”(http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/German declaration ofwar _Russia.htm) Russia was told to move its military back, that if they were trying to be conflict free they should follow what they stand for and stop moving their military closer and closer to the “enemies”. “Germany declared the state of war as counter-measure against the general mobilization of the Russian army and navy which must be followed by mobilization if Russia did not cease its military measures against Germany and Austria-Hungary within 12 hours, and notified Germany thereof.”
(http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/officialgermanstatement.htm) — “At the same time the Imperial Ambassador in Paris was instructed to demand from the French Government a declaration within 18 hours, whether it would remain neutral in a Russo-German war.” (http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/
officialgermanstatement.htm) Russia had already been warned a couple of weeks back. Told by Germany that mobilization means war. Austria- Hungary had already agreed to leave things as they were with Serbia, obviously after they declared war on Serbia things weren‘t exactly peaceful, but others weren’t involved just yet. The ambassador at London, and the one in St. Petersburg were instructed to tell both Russia and France what the mobilization of their army’s meant, since they “knew of the obligations of France towards Russia” (http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/officialgermanstatement.htm) the fact that Russia didn’t respond to the telegrams nor take back their troops, it was understood that they were ready for war.

On august 4,1914; a day after declaring war on France, Germany invaded Belgium as part of a plan to sweep across eastern and northern France. By doing this Germany violated a treaty signed in 1839 guaranteeing Belgium’s neutrality, which brought in Great Britain- “she was obligated to defend neutral Belgium by the terms of a 75-year old treaty.” (http://www.firstworldwar.com/origins/causes.htm). The united states had declared itself a neutral country. But this only lasted so long… “ official stance that would last until 1917 when Germany’s policy of unrestricted submarine warfare – which seriously threatened America’s commercial shipping” (http://www.firstworldwar.com/origins/causes.htm) truth is, America was trading with both Germany and Great Britain, Britain’s blockade of Germany made this very difficult. They didn’t only stop but also searched these boats that were headed for German ports. In effect the policy set in place a blockade of Britain and her European allies, to be applied to belligerent and neutral shipping alike. The German government argued that such a policy was implemented only as an aggressive form of defense.(http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/uboat_wilson.htm) Since the United States couldn’t do anything regarding the blockade, they stopped trading with Germany, but it continued trading with Britain. America couldn’t give up the opportunity to trade, this was giving them profit. America was acting like an ally with Britain and France, lending them money from banks, which of course helped them pay for war materials. This upset the Germans, watching the United States “ a neutral nation” help the allies. Germany began to threat the United States by saying that it would use its u-boats to sink any vessels that entered or left British ports [(which was in any event almost entirely directed towards the Allies led by Britain and France) - forced the U.S. to finally enter the war on 6 April 1917.] (http://www.firstworldwar.com/origins/causes.htm)

German agression is not be blamed for the start of world war one. Looking at the events that led to war, and the events that led Germany to declare war on different countries certainly prove that Germany was a “victim” of the acts committed by other countries such as Russia and France. Germany protected or in other words backed up its ally Austria-Hungary, who declared war on Serbia July 28, 1914 because it they were the ones who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Germany declared war on Russia because of its mobilization of army and navy around Germany; it made them feel threatened, and unsafe. Russia was given 12 hours to take back their military or else Germany would see no other choice but to declare war on them.. And 18 hours later, France. Why France? Not only because it was an ally of Russia and Serbia, but because of “hostile acts committed on German territory by French military aviators.” (http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/
germandeclarationofwar_france.htm)Germany saw no other way to get to France but by crossing or “invading” Belgium, who was a neutral country, I’m sure Germany wasn’t thinking about the treaty singed in 1839 while it was at war with 2 countries. It was probably an honest mistake. This brought in Great Britain. Both these two countries had conflict later on, this conflict also involving the United States and the trading of goods. The British blockade did not allow America to keep trading with Germany. America began acting like an ally with both France and Britain. This upset Germany, obviously America was doing this to obtain money, but it shouldn’t have because it was suppose to be a neutral nation. Germany only took the right actions that came with each scenario. It shouldn’t be blamed for the start of world war one or be subject to pay steep reparations.

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Propaganda: idea, facts, or rumors spread deliberately to further one’s cause or to damage an opposing cause.
War of attrition: slow wearing-down manner of warfare in which each side tries to outlast the other.
Contraband: war materials supplied by a neutral nation to a belligerent one.
Atrocities: brutal crimes of war, often committed against civilians.
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Central Powers: Germany, Austria-hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.
Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, and their parterns.
U-boats: German submarines.
Woodrow Wilson: U.S. president; who denounced the attack. he warned Germany that the united states would not tolerate another such incident.
Arthur Zimmermann: a high official in the german foreign ministry.
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1. New technology changed the way the war was fought because many weapons were introduced that had never been tried before. Like the use of submarines by the Germans, or the poison gas as a  weapon against enemy infantry. New technology made it easier to fight the war. The weapons became more effective. As well as airplanes, they were used to observe enemy troop movement.

2. The principles for the United States to enter war were the Germans. The united states used to trade with both, Great Britain and  Germany. It stopped trading with Germany. Because it started searching the boats that went into Great Britain. Germany blew up the Lusitania. Finally the U.S. entered the war.

421

1. Opium War: A conflict between China and Britain.  The Chinese wanted to stop the opium trade. The British didn’t listen, they didn’t stop. This lasted from 1839 to 1842.

2. Treaty of Nanjing: Treaty following the Opium War in which China gave Hong Kong to Britain and opened ports to British Trade.

3. Taiping Rebellion: it lasted from 1850 to 1864. this  caused a terrible destruction in southern China and the Yangtze valley. Millions of people were killed.

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1.Meiji restoration:change when a group of samurai overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate and restored the emperor to power.
2.Diet: Japan’s 2 house national legislature.
3.Sino-Japanese War: War between China and Japan over Korea in 1894, resulting in a japanese victory.
4.Treaty of Shimonoseki: 1895 treaty forcing China to recognize  independence of korea and make concessions to Japan.
5.Mongkut: Ascended to power in 1851. Studied western ideas to understand his enemies and help modernize his country.
6.Liliuokalani: Hawaii’s queen that did not want foreigners to control Hawaii.
7.Emilio Aguinaldo: Led the Filipinos in a fight for indeoendence.

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A. How did the British rule affect India?
The British rule affected mostly the education in India. By having the classes taught in English, learning about Western ideas, like democracy and socialism.

B. why were the Japanese able to reform and industrialize their nation so quickly?
The Japanese were able to reform and industrialize their nation so quickly because the government passed laws that encouraged private citizens to start businesses. It also brought new factory machinery from Western countries.  As well as copying some of their ideas.

C. How did United States expansion in hawaii differ from its expansion in the Philippines? 
In Hawaii they started growing sugarcanes and pineapple plantations, within a few years it took over the land.

In the Philippines a war was fought, between Spain and the U.S.. within a few months, the United States controlled the Philippines

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3. Main Idea

A.What were some of the factors that led to the fall of the Qing Dynasty?
 Some of the factors would be the Boxers Rebellion, Open Door Policy, Kuomintang and nationalism. 

B. How Did the Nationalist movement grow and change under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek?
The nationalist movement allowed the army to grow and become even stronger. Right after the Northern Expedition, China got some certain lands. From here on out China became a Nationalist government.

C. What factors led to rise of communism in china?
the factors that led china to rise into a communist were a group of Chinese intellectuals. They founded the Chinese Communist Party that was inspired by the eaxample of the Russian Revolution and the ideas of Marx and Lenin.

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4. Chinese nationalist: are you young and well educated? Have you considered the fact that China could stand on its own? By this, meaning that we could be an independent country. Think about it, this new political party, the Kuomintang, has grown out of the nationalists’ desire for reform. This party is directed by Sun Yixian. He lived in the U.S. went to school in Hawaii, and studied medicine in Honk Kong. According to him “we have no national spirit.. We are the poorest and weakest state in the world”. I think its time we change that. We want a constitutional government with civil liberties guaranteed by a bill of rights. We want China to become industrialized so that it could defend itself economically against imperialist powers. China could protect itself against foreign control only if it becomes a modern nation. Think about it, times change, everything seems to become better. Its time for us to become modern. Show the rest of the world that China is strong too!

 

416 (4)

A. Growth of cities. Meant new dynasty. One popular one was the Qing dynasty, ( founding of the dynasty) emperors of this dynasty wanted to keep the Manchu people. They made the rest of the people study the Manchu language and cultural traditions. With the growth of cities, they also kept traditional political institutions. Shanghai became a center for the weaving of cotton cloth. Peace and urban growth contributed to the increase of trade within china’s borders. But still most of China’s people still lived in the countryside. They increased the amount of land used for farming. In addition to rice, wheat, and tea, the rural Chinese planted new crops such as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and tobacco. This made it possible to feed more people. The growth of cities also led to the growth of popular culture in China. People read novels and plays in the common everyday language. Scholars wrote detailed histories of earlier dynasties and essays on Confucian ethnics. They also studied philology, the study of literature and language. China’s rapidly growing population placed increasing pressure on the government.

B. Chinese rulers perhaps had more competition. They were trying to keep China their own China, and avoid being invaded, or for others to take over. Obviously the landscapes weren’t only theirs anymore, there were more people growing crops in them too. I think that at the same time they weren’t so bothered because they discovered new “food” that came from the Americas. Also more trading, which brought a probable good output to the government.

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1. Free enterprise:  system in which economy forces work automatically and naturally, without mercantilism laws or regulations.
2. Laissez- faire: beliefe that the gorvenment shouldn’t interfere with the operation of businesses.
3. Humanitarians: people who work to improve the conditions of others.
4. Utilitarianism: belief that a law was useful of it led to ” the greatest happiness of the greates number” of people.
5. Strike: refusal of workers to work until their demans are met.
6. Unions: associations of workers that combine forces and demands of different workers.
7. Collective bargaining: process of negotiation between management and union representatives.

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1. Adam smith: Scottish economist who wrote ‘ inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations’
2. Thomas Malthus: an Anglican clergyman who became a professor of economics.
3. David Ricardo: British economist wrote that working -class poverty in inevitable. Author of principles of political economy and taxation.
4. Charles Dickens: english writer. Used his novels to attack greedy employers.
5. Jeremy bentham: he put forth the theory of utilitarianism
6. John stuart mill: English philosopher who believed that the government should work for the good of all its citizens.

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1. Capitalism : economic system in which individuals, rather than governments, control the factor of production
2. Commercial Capitalisn: early economic system in which most capitalists were merchants who bought and sold goods.
3. Industrial Capitalism: type of capitalism that began during the industrial revolution when capitalists were involved in producing and manufacturing goods themselves, often using mechanized and industrialized methods of production.
4. Iterchangeable parts: identical parts that can replace each other.
5. Mass Production: system of producing large numbers of identical items.
6. Corporations: businesses that allow people to buy stock in the company.
7. Monopoly: complete control of the production orsale of a single good or service by a single firm.
8. Cartels: corporate combinations that control entire industries.
9. Business cycle: alternating periods of prosperity and decline
10. Depression: period in which the decreased demand of goods causes the whole economy to sink

Extra credit

 

 

No, I wouldn’t. I’m sure they had the choice of working there. Plus someone has to do the job. If no one does it then we won’t have anything. This question is not if you have a kind heart. But someone has to do it. Doesn’t mean they don’t have much money as other people but at least they’re doing something with their spare time. Which makes the community happy and it also helps the industry. It brings money to the country or city’s government. They can the spread whatever they made around the nation. So no I wouldn’t give anything up for that reason.

A. Enclosure Movement: Practice of fencing or enclosing common lands into individual holdings.

B. Crop Rotation: Practice of alternating crops of different kinds to preserve soil fertility.

C. Industrial Revolution: Term for changed beginning in the 1700s, when power driven machines began to do much of the work that people had done before.

D. Factors of production: Basic resources for industrialization, such as necessary land, capital, and labor.

E. Mechanization: Use of automatic machinery to increase production.

F. Factory System: Production of goods in a factory through the use of machines and a large number of workers.

G. Vulcanization: Process of treating rubber to make it more useful.

2. A. Jethro Tull: Invented a seed drill that made it possible to plant seeds in rows.

B. Richard Arkwright: Invented a way to drive the spinning “jenny” through water power.

C. Eli Whitney: Invented the cotton gin.

D.James Watt: Studied and improved Newcomer’s steam machine.

E. Henry Bessemer: Developed the “Bessemer process” which is a cheaper and more efficient method of making steel.: Invented the cotton gin.

F. Robert Fulton: First to build a profitable steam boat.

G. Samuel Morse: Invented a new form of communication, a telegraph.