HW 636 & 642

A. Carbonari: A group of nationalists that could not work openly and had to form secret societies.

B. Giuseppe Mazzini: One of the most famous Carbonari.

C. Young Italy movement : Dedicated to spreading the ideas of the Risorgimento. [ “neither the pope nor king” but rather a republic should rule Italy.]

D. King Victor Emmanuel ll : Not specially sympathetic to the liberals, but he did want to expand Sardinian territory.

E. Camillo Benso di Cavour : King Victor Emmanuel ll ’s chief minister. A republican and an Italian patriot. Supported the goals of the liberals.

F. Napoleon lll : French emperor. He thought that if the Austrians were driven out of Italy, France might be able to dominate the Italian states. He agreed that if Austria could be provoked into declaring war on Sardinia, France would send troops to help drive the Austrians from Lombardy and Venetia.

G. Giuseppe Garibaldi : A man devoted to Italian freedom.

4. A. Two events that led to new nationalist movements for unification in Italy were the French Revolution and the Young Italy movement.

B. Important leaders in the fight for Italian unification were Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo Benso di Cavour, Napoleon lll, and Giuseppe Garibaldi

C. The kingdom of Sardinia took the lead in Italian unification because they had a strong army thanks to Cavour. Also the alliance between France and Sardinia.

 

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4. A. Prussia replaced Austria as the leading German State in Europe by building a stronger army, and the three wars with Otto von Bismarck and King William I.

B. German unification: It had both Austria and Prussia against them.. It resulted into an empire.
Italian unification: had only one state.. Not an empire.

C. The makeup of the German government was that they had one Emperor ( King William 1) and one chief minister (Bismarck). The legislative branch had two houses: Bundersrat ( upper house) and Reichstag (lower house).

Bolivar

“We have achieved our independence at the expense of everything else.”

Bolivar worked hard to gain independence in south America. He went through alot. Many wars, and chaos. He knew about napoleon and how he had accomplished so much that he got inspired by him. He wanted to be just as successful. He believed South America should be free, equal, and fraternal taking after the French during the French Revolution. I think Bolivar meant to say that he learned from people that had ruled before and wars that had happened. And gained independence by improving what he had learned and made it its own.

528

1.Plebiscite- people could vote yes or no and could not suggest any other changes Nationalism-refers to love of one’s country rather than ounce’s native region

Scorched-earth policy- burning or destroying crops and everything else the grand army might need

2.Napoleonic code- system of French law under Napoleon’s direction

Concordat- agreement between napoleon and the pope recognizing Catholicism as the religion of most French citizens

Horatio Nelson- vice admiral who lead the British in 1805 and defeated a combined French and Spanish fleet of the coast of Spain. He was killed in the battle but saved Britain from invasion.

Duke of Wellington -Led the British army in 1808 that helped the Spanish and the Portuguese people rise up to the French

homework

Pg.522 #4

• The national convention lead France to the end of monarchy by executing Louis the XVI and started a republic nation. Also they vote by universal manhood suffrage and began the committee of public safety.

• The Reign of Terrors was a period of time were everyone was afraid.It was against nobility and anyone suspected of disloyalty. With the brutal suppression, it affected the people of France to guillotine Robespierre.

• Napoleon, a general rose to power by improving conditions for the troops, gaining their support and boosting morale. Also he made peace with countries, defeated Austrians, and controlled all of norther Italy.

Pg.528 #4

• Napoleon accomplished greatly in governing. He organized all French laws into Napoleonic code and established the Bank of France to act as a central financial institution. He also reached an agreement with the pope called the Concordat and undid the alliance of France’s foreign enemies. Then, in 1804, the French people voted France as an empire and Napoleon became the Emperor.

• Napoleon’s empire extended far beyond France’s old borders, and won battles against other countries. He made Austria and Prussia signed peace treaties  and ruled Netherlands and Spain and forced Papal states into an alliances. Not only that, he abolished the Holy Roman Empire and unified it into the Kingdom of Italy under his control.

• Prussia, Austria, Britain, and Russia had formed allies to crush France. The allies won and defeated Napoleon.

rights of man

1. We’re all equal and free.2. Mostly like the bill of rights. People’s privacy. People’s rights to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. (the government can’t take over any of these unless they have a “court order” )

3. No one should make their own laws or enforce their thoughts, the whole nation has to agree on it.

4. You can do whatever you please to do if it does not harm anyone else or invades their natural rights.

5. Law could only prohibit an action that has a negative effect on society. People are not to be forced to do something they don’t want to do.

6. Law is the expression of the general will. No one gets special treatment, the law is the same for everyone. We’re equal in the eyes of the law.

7. No one should be accused of something they have not committed. But if they have done something they will be punished.

8. No cruel or unusual punishment. Be a reasonable punishment.

9. Innocent until proven guilty.

10. No one should be discriminated for the way they think, their opinions, religion, etc..

11. Freedom of speech. You can say, and write whatever you want as long as it does not involve the safety or freedom of another person’s rights.

12. The military is in charge of protecting the people.

13. Taxes are distributed equally among people so no one has to pay more than the other

14. Financial aide. Credit. Reach a reasonable way of paying for the money that has been provided.

15. Everyone has the right to access the administration.

16. A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all.

17. Property is a part of the natural rights of men. It shall not be taken or no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity, legally determined. “court order”

 

489

1) 

Habeas Corpus: Legal right protecting individuals from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment.

Cabinet: Heads of government departments who advise the head of state.

Prime Minister: Head of government in Great Britain.

Limited Constitutional Monarchy: Government in which the monarch remains head of the state, but the king or queen is required to consult parliament.

2)

Restoration: Period of the reign of Charles II of England when the monarchy was restored; also the rebirth of English culture during that time.

Tories: Political party that supported the monarchy in England in the 1600’s.

Whigs: Political party in England that rebelled against the monarchy, wanted a strong Parliament, and opposed having a Catholic ruler.

James II: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1685-1688). The last Stuart king to rule both England and Scotland, he was overthrown by his son-in-law William of Orange.

William III: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689-1702), Dutch stadholder (1672-1702), and prince of Orange. Married to Mary, daughter of James II, he was asked by the opponents of James to invade England (1688) and was proclaimed joint monarch with Mary (1689) after James fled.

Mary II: Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689-1694). The eldest daughter of James II, she ruled jointly with her husband, William III, the former William of Orange, at the behest of the Protestant opponents of her father.

Glorious Revolution: Bloodless transfer of power to William and Mary of England in 1688.

Thomas Hobbes: (1588-1679) English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings.

John Locke: (1632-1704) English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience.

English Bill of Rights: Document in the 1689 that declared the powers of Parliament and protected private citizens.

Toleration Act: 1689 act of British Parliament granting some religious freedoms to non-Anglican Protestants.

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4)

A) Parliament’s Tories and Whigs differed in their view of the English monarchy because the Tories were believers of hereditary monarchy, who were willing to accept a Roman Catholic king. The Whigs wanted a strong Parliament and opposed having a Catholic ruler.

B) The role religion played in the reigns of Charles II and James II was to gain and secure power.

C) The “social contract” of Hobbes and Locke basically stated the Hobbes wanted an absolute monarchy to take control of the ‘selfish’ people. Locke’s thought was against absolute monarchy. He thought that the people should choose rules and share control.

D) The Parliament of the early 1700’s was not truly a “representative legislature” because the Parliament did not represent most of the people of England. The House of Lords consisted only of hereditary nobles and higher clergy. The House of Commons, which was gradually becoming the more powerful of the 2 houses, became to only represent a small minority of the population.

french vs. egyptians

How do the French portray themselves to the Egyptians? How do the Egyptians view the French? Back up your answer with specific details from the text.

The French portray themselves to the Egyptians as helpers, advisors. They upkeep their military and demand money, this is one of the many reasons Egyptians weren’t so happy toward the idea of the French crossing the Nile. They wanted people to obey them and to raise their ‘bandiera’. This was stated in the proclamation as well as inducements, warnings, all manner of wiliness and stipulations. The French foundation was based on liberty and quality. Egypt had lorded someone else, not exactly god, the one and only. So this was their punishment. They needed to praise and establish God in their lives. ‘ People are equal in the yes of god and the only circumstances which distinguish one from the other are reason, virtue, and knowledge. Since they believed they were the most sincere friends of the ottoman sultan and the enemy of his enemies, also praised God, god could never go against them. The Egyptians would have to rightly adjust to new rules. For example to show the flag, show support of the French army and of course their great friend the ottoman sultan. The French agree with the 3 religions, but at the same time they don’t agree with them, or any other type of religion. The Egyptians did not like the idea of the French changing things up a bit, they were happy just how they were and were not quite ready for a change. They started fighting back but realized that the French had more experience and even better equipment ( and an up kept military). Also the French image toward the no respect for themselves. They’re nasty for exposing private parts.

La marseillaise.

La Marseillaise became the French national anthem because France was becoming independent, following a different way of ruling, between absolute monarchy and to end as republicans. They soldiers from Marseilles marched into Paris to defend it against tyrants at home and broad. They supported something they believed was right. What was best for France. This song means that the people should be one all together. That they will fight till the end if it is for something they believe in, at this time there’s ample conflict. A time to fight for their country, their rights, to stay together , not have someone bring back slavery into their lives. Other countries can do as they please, traitors will pay with honor ( war as in revenge). They will fight back, also they will not have the last breath. They’ll be successful.

locke && hobbe

LOCKE

When you think of Locke just think of the ‘Bill of Rights’ and ‘life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness’. He thought yes we need a king, a head master, but we follow what the government says because they’re the ones that pass down the laws. Its like now, the president and the government and different branches.

HOBBE

He thought we need a king ( a family we’re scared of ) so we can follow what the government says, he followed the belief of selections every once in a while, the laws wouldn’t be the same, they would change according to society. What the people licked the most that what should be followed. People agreed with each other, not the king.

John Locke

John Locke was an English man who lived from 1632 to 1704. He was an empiricist (philosopher of experience) someone who will derive all knowledge of the world from what the senses tell us. Locke’s main work was the Essay Concerning Human Understanding. He tried to clarify two questions; first where we get our ideas from, and secondly, whether we can rely on what our senses tell us. Locke compared the mind to an unfurnished room. But then we begin to sense things, see the world around us, smell, taste, feel, and hear. He called this “simple ideas of senses arise”. these ideas are worked on by thinking, reasoning, believing and doubting, thus giving rise to what he calls reflection (He distinguished between ‘sensation’ & ‘reflection’). Locke emphasized that the only things that we can perceive are simple sensations. To answer his second question he distinguished between what he called ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ qualities. By primary qualities he meant extension, weight, motion and number. When it is a question of qualities such as these, we can certain that the sense reproduce them, objectively. Locke calls these secondary qualities sensations like color, smell, taste, sound, they do not reproduce the real qualities that are inherit in the things themselves. Locke admitted what he called intuitive, or ‘demonstrative’ knowledge in other areas too. He believed in the idea of a natural right, and that was a rationalistic feature of his thoughts.